South Sudan

🔴 SUDAN IS BLEEDING, NIGERIA IS FEELING IT - THIS WAR MUST END NOW! This is not just Sudan's war anymore. It's OUR warning. For over 2 years, Sudan has been torn apart by a brutal civil war between its army and the RSF paramilitary. Cities burned. Schools turned to barracks. Hospitals shut down. The numbers are horrifying: Over 9.1 MILLION people displaced inside Sudan. More than 4 MILLION have fled to Chad, South Sudan, Egypt and beyond. Nearly 29 MILLION face acute hunger, with over 755,000 already facing catastrophic starvation. And the UN just listed Sudan AND Northeast Nigeria together as immediate famine-risk hunger hotspots. You think it doesn't affect us in Nigeria? It already has. HOW SUDAN'S WAR HIT NIGERIA HARD: 1. Our Children Were Trapped: Remember 2023? Nigeria had to launch an emergency evacuation of over 4,000 Nigerians - mostly students in Khartoum. Many came back with nothing. JAMB had to assure them they could continue their education in Nigeria. Their dreams were shattered overnight. 2. More Guns, More Bandits: Experts warn Sudan's war has created a deadly regional conflict economy - weapons, stolen vehicles, and drugs smuggled OUT of Sudan across the Sahel. Where do those weapons end up? In Lake Chad, in Northwest Nigeria, in the hands of terrorists and bandits killing our farmers. 3. Our Economy Is Strained: Sudan's war disrupted oil exports and supply routes, driving inflation in an already fragile region. When Sudan coughs, Sub-Saharan Africa catches a fever. 4. We Are Already Overwhelmed: In 2026 alone, 8.4 million Nigerians need humanitarian help amid conflict, displacement and disease. We cannot afford to add a new wave of Sudanese refugees and human smuggling across our borders. WHY THIS WAR MUST END NOW BEFORE IT BECOMES A GLOBAL DISASTER: If we let Sudan collapse, we are not just watching one country die. We are lighting a fire in the heart of Africa. • It will become a factory for mass migration to Europe and Nigeria. • It will supercharge human smuggling networks that prey on desperate Africans. • It will create a permanent famine belt from Darfur to Borno. • It will make the Sahel ungovernable for the next 20 years. The UN Envoy is begging for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire. But ceasefire won't happen if we stay silent. This is why ECOWAS, the AU, and every Nigerian must speak up. Peace in Sudan is peace in Nigeria. I am calling on all leaders - If you can share gossip, you can share this. If you love Africa, don't scroll past. WHAT DO YOU THINK? Should Nigeria and the AU do more to force peace in Sudan? Or should we mind our own business until it reaches our doorstep? Drop your opinion in the comments. Share this post. Tag someone who needs to see this. Let's make our voice loud enough that they cannot ignore. Silence is also a choice. But today, I choose to speak. #EndSudanWar #SudanCrisis #NigeriaToTheWorld #HumanityFirst #AfricanUnity #StopTheWarNow #PeaceForAfrica

🌍🔥 TODAY IN WAR HISTORY: AUGUST 10 ACROSS AFRICA 🔥🌍 WELCOME BACK TO WARS AND RUMOURS OF WAR. August 10 has been connected to many important moments in African history. Some were full wars. Others were military coups, political struggles, rebellions, border conflicts, or regional crises. These events show one important truth: Africa's history was shaped not only by battles, but also by the struggle for land, political power, natural resources, independence, and control of African governments. Here is what happened around AUGUST 10, covering more than a century of African history. 🕰️🌍 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇪🇬 EGYPT: THE URABI REVOLT AND BRITISH INTERVENTION ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 1882 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? Egypt was facing a serious political crisis. Egyptian army officers and nationalists, led by Ahmed Urabi, were angry because European powers had gained too much influence over Egypt. Egypt also had huge debts to European countries. The Suez Canal made Egypt extremely important because it connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and provided a major route toward British India. 🚢 Britain feared that the political crisis could threaten its interests. In 1882, Britain sent military forces to Egypt. By August 10, British military intervention was becoming a major reality, with British forces preparing for further operations after fighting around Alexandria. 💥 Britain eventually defeated Urabi's forces at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882. 🧭 BACKGROUND The conflict was not simply about one Egyptian general. It was also about who controlled Egypt's government, money, army and strategic location. Egypt wanted greater control over its own affairs, while Britain wanted to protect its strategic and economic interests. 🏁 HOW DID IT END? Urabi was defeated and sent into exile. Britain then occupied Egypt militarily. Egypt remained formally part of the Ottoman Empire for some time, but Britain became the real power behind the government. British control lasted for decades before the situation changed and Egypt eventually became fully independent. 📌 LESSON: Control of strategic routes and economic resources can bring foreign powers directly into a country's political struggles. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇲🇦 MOROCCO: WAR WITH FRANCE OVER ALGERIAN RESISTANCE ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 1844 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? France had conquered large parts of Algeria. One of the strongest Algerian resistance leaders was Emir Abdelkader. Abdelkader continued fighting the French and received support and shelter from people in neighbouring Morocco. France demanded that Morocco stop supporting him. Tensions became worse. French forces attacked Moroccan territory, including the bombardment of Tangier. ⚔️ The conflict became known as the Franco-Moroccan War of 1844. 🧭 BACKGROUND Morocco was trying to protect its neighbour and avoid becoming another French-controlled territory. France, however, wanted to secure its control over Algeria and stop Abdelkader from using Moroccan territory. 🏁 HOW DID IT END? Moroccan forces were defeated at the Battle of Isly on August 14, 1844. Morocco was forced to reduce its support for Abdelkader. The conflict showed how European colonial expansion was beginning to affect African states far beyond the territory already conquered. 📌 HINDSIGHT: The pressure placed on Morocco did not end European expansion in North Africa. France later established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇿🇦 SOUTH AFRICA: WORLD WAR I COMES TO SOUTHERN AFRICA ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 1914 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? World War I had just started in Europe. Britain asked the Union of South Africa to attack neighbouring German South West Africa, which is modern-day Namibia. On August 10, 1914, the South African government formally agreed to carry out the British request. 🎖️ South Africa was still part of the British Empire, even though it had its own government. 🧭 BACKGROUND Germany controlled Namibia at the time. Britain feared that German-controlled ports and wireless stations could help German forces during the world war. South African Prime Minister Louis Botha and General Jan Smuts also saw an opportunity to expand South African influence. ⚔️ WHAT HAPPENED NEXT? South African forces invaded German South West Africa. There was also a serious political problem inside South Africa. Some Afrikaners did not want South Africa fighting Germany because they still remembered the recent Anglo-Boer Wars against Britain. This helped cause the 1914 Afrikaner Rebellion. The rebellion was eventually defeated, and South African forces continued the campaign against Germany. 🏁 RESULT Germany lost control of the territory in 1915. South Africa then administered the territory under a League of Nations mandate after the war. Namibia finally became independent in 1990. 📌 HINDSIGHT: A decision made during World War I eventually became part of the much longer struggle over Namibia's independence. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇹🇿 TANZANIA: THE BATTLE OF MATAMONDO ⚔️ AUGUST 10–11, 1916 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? During World War I, modern-day Tanzania was known as German East Africa. British, Indian, South African, Belgian and African forces were fighting German forces. On August 10–11, 1916, fighting took place at the Battle of Matamondo in the Nguru Mountains. 🧭 BACKGROUND German commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck used African soldiers known as Askari. Instead of fighting one giant battle and surrendering, German forces often moved through the countryside, attacked suddenly and disappeared again. This forced the British and their allies to keep thousands of soldiers in East Africa. ⚔️ THE RESULT The German forces were able to avoid complete destruction and continued their guerrilla-style campaign. The war in East Africa continued even after German forces had lost much of their territory. Von Lettow-Vorbeck finally surrendered in November 1918, after Germany had already agreed to the European armistice. 📌 HINDSIGHT: African soldiers fought and died in a European war that was being fought on African soil. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇦🇴 ANGOLA: THE COLD WAR TURNS ANGOLA INTO A BATTLEFIELD ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 1987 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? Angola had been fighting a civil war since independence from Portugal in 1975. The main sides included: 🇦🇴 The MPLA government ⚔️ UNITA rebels But Angola's war was much bigger than an internal fight. The Soviet Union and Cuba supported the MPLA government, while South Africa and the United States supported UNITA in different ways. 🧭 BACKGROUND By 1987, Angola had become one of the most important Cold War battlefields in Africa. Cuban troops were helping the Angolan government. South African forces were operating in southern Angola. The Soviet Union was supplying large amounts of military equipment. ⚔️ WHAT HAPPENED? In August 1987, Angolan government forces, supported by Cuban advisers and troops, launched Operation Saludando Octubre against UNITA positions. The fighting eventually developed into the famous Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. Thousands of soldiers became involved. 🏁 HOW DID IT END? The battle did not produce a simple victory for one side. Instead, it helped create a military and political stalemate. Negotiations followed. Cuban and South African forces eventually withdrew from Angola. Namibia moved closer to independence, and the wider regional conflict began changing. 📌 HINDSIGHT: The Angolan conflict showed how African countries could become battlefields for the larger struggle between the United States and Soviet Union. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇱🇾 LIBYA: THE FALL OF TAWERGHA ⚔️ AROUND AUGUST 10, 2011 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? Libya was in the middle of a massive civil war. Rebels were fighting the government of Muammar Gaddafi. The city of Misrata had suffered heavy fighting and bombardment. Tawergha, a town near Misrata, became closely associated with Gaddafi's forces. As anti-Gaddafi fighters moved toward Tawergha around August 10, 2011, almost the entire population fled. 🧭 BACKGROUND The war had begun earlier in 2011 after protests against Gaddafi's government turned into armed rebellion. NATO then became involved in the conflict after the United Nations authorized measures to protect civilians. NATO air power helped anti-Gaddafi forces. ⚠️ WHAT HAPPENED TO TAWERGHANS? After the town fell, Tawerghans suffered revenge attacks, arrests, harassment and destruction. Large numbers of people were displaced. The town remained largely empty for years. 🏁 HOW DID THE WAR END? Gaddafi's government collapsed. Gaddafi himself was captured and killed in October 2011. But the end of Gaddafi did not bring lasting peace. Libya later became divided between rival governments, armed groups and competing foreign interests. 📌 HINDSIGHT: Removing one government did not automatically rebuild the country. Libya became an example of how difficult it can be to create peace after a civil war. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇸🇩 SUDAN: THE SOUTHERN KORDOFAN CONFLICT ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 2011 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? One month after South Sudan became independent, violence erupted in Sudan's Southern Kordofan region. The area had its own armed groups and deep political tensions. Fighting broke out between Sudanese government forces and forces linked to the former southern rebel movement. 🧭 BACKGROUND For decades, Sudan had fought a massive civil war between the northern government and southern rebels. The war eventually produced the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. That agreement helped create the conditions for South Sudan's independence in 2011. But not every disputed area was peacefully settled. Southern Kordofan and other border areas remained dangerous. ⚔️ WHAT FOLLOWED? Fighting displaced tens of thousands of people. There were reports of air attacks, killings and other serious abuses. The conflict showed that independence had solved one problem but had not solved every disagreement between Sudan and South Sudan. 📌 HINDSIGHT: The creation of a new country does not automatically remove old political, ethnic, land and resource disputes. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇨🇩 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: THE SECOND CONGO WAR ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 1998 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? The Democratic Republic of Congo was entering one of the biggest wars Africa had ever seen. In August 1998, a rebellion against President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was spreading. Rwanda and Uganda were accused of supporting rebel forces. Several African countries became involved on different sides. 🧭 BACKGROUND The crisis followed the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Large numbers of refugees and armed groups crossed into eastern Congo. In 1996–1997, Rwanda and Uganda supported forces that helped overthrow Mobutu Sese Seko. Laurent Kabila then became president. But relations between Kabila and his former allies quickly collapsed. ⚔️ WHAT HAPPENED? The Second Congo War began in 1998. Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia sent troops to support Kabila's government. Rwanda and Uganda supported rebel movements. The conflict became extremely complicated. It was not simply one army fighting another. Many armed groups, governments and foreign forces became involved. 🏁 HOW DID IT END? Peace agreements eventually led to the withdrawal of many foreign forces. Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son, Joseph Kabila, became president. A transitional government was later formed and elections were held in 2006. However, armed conflict continued in parts of eastern Congo. 📌 HINDSIGHT: The Congo War showed how weak political institutions, natural resources, foreign intervention and local armed groups can combine to create a very long conflict. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇸🇴 SOMALIA: FIGHTING AL-SHABAAB ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 2021 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? Somalia was still fighting the militant group Al-Shabaab. On August 10, 2021, Ugandan soldiers serving with the African Union mission in Somalia were attacked near Golweyn in Lower Shabelle. The attack involved an Al-Shabaab ambush. 🧭 BACKGROUND Somalia had suffered years of political instability and civil war. Al-Shabaab emerged from the wider Somali conflict and became one of the most powerful armed groups in the country. The African Union sent peacekeeping forces to help the Somali government fight the group. ⚔️ THE AUGUST 10 ATTACK Ugandan troops were carrying out a patrol when they were attacked. Fighting followed. The incident showed how dangerous Somalia remained even when government and African Union forces controlled major towns and roads. 🏁 WHAT HAPPENED LATER? Somalia continued building its own national army while African Union forces gradually transferred security responsibilities to Somali forces. The fight against Al-Shabaab, however, continued. 📌 HINDSIGHT: Somalia's experience shows that defeating an armed group requires more than military power. Government institutions, security, jobs and local political agreements are also important. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇨🇲 CAMEROON: VIOLENCE IN THE FAR NORTH ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 2021 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? On August 10, 2021, serious communal fighting broke out in Cameroon's Far North region. The violence involved the Mouzgoum and Choa Arab communities in Logone-Birni. The immediate dispute involved land and access to resources. 🧭 BACKGROUND Cameroon's Far North has faced pressure from population growth, land shortages, climate problems and insecurity linked to the wider Boko Haram conflict. When communities compete over farmland, water and grazing areas, small disputes can become much larger. ⚔️ WHAT HAPPENED? The fighting led to killings, injuries and the burning and looting of villages. Thousands of people were forced to leave their homes. Many crossed into neighbouring Chad for safety. 🏁 AFTERWARD Humanitarian organisations provided medical and emergency assistance. Local authorities and community leaders worked to reduce tensions. But the deeper problems of land, water, poverty and insecurity remained. 📌 HINDSIGHT: Not every African conflict begins with politicians. Sometimes a fight over land or water can become a serious security crisis when trust between communities is already weak. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇳🇬 NIGERIA: KIDNAPPING AND THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF THE NIGER DELTA ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 2006–2007 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? Nigeria was facing serious violence and kidnapping in the oil-producing Niger Delta. On August 10, 2006, gunmen wearing military-style clothing seized two foreign oil workers in southern Nigeria. On August 10, 2007, another foreign oil worker was kidnapped in Port Harcourt. 🧭 BACKGROUND The Niger Delta contains enormous oil wealth. But many local communities complained that they received too little benefit from the oil industry. They also complained about pollution, unemployment, poverty and government corruption. Armed groups began attacking oil facilities and kidnapping foreign workers. ⚔️ WHAT FOLLOWED? Kidnapping became a major problem. Oil production was disrupted. The Nigerian government eventually used negotiations, security operations and an amnesty programme to encourage militants to give up their weapons. Thousands of former militants entered the programme. 🏁 RESULT Violence fell significantly in the Niger Delta after the amnesty programme, although insecurity and oil theft later remained serious problems. 📌 HINDSIGHT: Natural resources can make a country rich while communities living beside those resources remain poor. That gap can become fuel for conflict. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🇳🇪 NIGER: THE COUP THAT SHOOK WEST AFRICA ⚔️ AUGUST 10, 2023 WHAT WAS HAPPENING? On July 26, 2023, soldiers overthrew Niger's elected President Mohamed Bazoum. The military leadership took control of the government. West African countries became deeply concerned. 🧭 BACKGROUND Niger was already facing attacks by armed extremist groups in the Sahel. The country also had close security relationships with Western countries, especially France and the United States. The coup therefore created a much larger regional crisis. ⚠️ WHAT HAPPENED ON AUGUST 10? West African leaders met in Abuja, Nigeria. The regional organisation ECOWAS ordered the activation of its standby military force. ECOWAS said military intervention remained an option if necessary to restore constitutional government. At the same time, ECOWAS said it wanted a peaceful solution. 🏁 WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARD? ECOWAS did not launch the planned military invasion. Diplomatic efforts continued. The military government remained in power. Niger later moved further away from ECOWAS and toward cooperation with neighbouring military-led governments. 📌 HINDSIGHT: The Niger crisis showed that coups in one West African country can quickly become a regional security problem. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🌍 WHAT AUGUST 10 TEACHES US ABOUT AFRICA When we look at these events together, a bigger picture appears. Africa's wars have not all had the same causes. Some were caused by COLONIAL EXPANSION. 🇪🇺⚔️ Some were connected to WORLD WARS. 🌍💣 Some were caused by THE COLD WAR. ☢️ Others came from CIVIL WARS AND POLITICAL POWER STRUGGLES. 🏛️⚔️ Some were connected to OIL, LAND, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES. 🛢️🌾💧 And others were caused by MILITARY COUPS AND THE FIGHT OVER WHO SHOULD CONTROL THE STATE. 🎖️🏛️ The important lesson is that African conflicts rarely have only one cause. A political disagreement can become an armed rebellion. A border problem can become an international war. A struggle over oil can become a fight between communities. A military coup can become a regional crisis. And a war that begins inside one country can eventually involve many other countries. 🕊️ THE BIGGEST LESSON History also shows something else. WINNING A BATTLE DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN WINNING THE PEACE. Egypt eventually escaped British control. Morocco remained independent. Namibia eventually became independent. Angola eventually moved toward peace. Libya removed Gaddafi but struggled to rebuild political unity. Sudan and South Sudan gained separation but continued facing serious disputes. Congo ended its major regional war but continued suffering armed conflict in the east. Somalia continued rebuilding after years of civil war. Cameroon continued facing insecurity. Nigeria reduced some Niger Delta violence through negotiations. Niger's coup created a political crisis that changed West African relations. 📚 HISTORY IS NOT JUST ABOUT WHO WON THE WAR. It is also about: WHY THE WAR STARTED. WHO BENEFITED. WHO SUFFERED. WHO LOST POWER. WHO GAINED POWER. AND WHETHER THE PEACE THAT FOLLOWED ACTUALLY SOLVED THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM. 🌍 Africa's history is complicated, but understanding it helps us understand Africa today. 🕊️ REMEMBER THE HISTORY. UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT. LEARN FROM THE PAST. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ #WarsAndRumoursOfWar #AfricanHistory #OnThisDay #August10 #AfricaHistory #AfricanWars #AfricanConflicts #MilitaryHistory #ColonialHistory #WorldWarI #ColdWar #Libya #Sudan #Congo #Somalia #Cameroon #Nigeria #Niger #Angola #Tanzania #SouthAfrica #Morocco #Egypt #History #AfricanPolitics #PeaceAndConflict #HistoryMatters

Sudanese Refugees in Southern Egypt Face Deepening Humanitarian Crisis as Support Declines August 2026 More than three years after the outbreak of war in Sudan in April 2023, thousands of Sudanese refugees remain stranded in southern Egypt, where they continue to face growing humanitarian challenges, uncertain legal status, and diminishing opportunities for rebuilding their lives. The Egyptian city of Aswan, located near the Sudanese border, became one of the first destinations for civilians fleeing violence after conflict erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). While many initially viewed Aswan as a temporary stop before moving elsewhere, thousands of families remain there with few options for the future. A City of Temporary Refuge Becomes Long-Term Limbo During the early months of the conflict, Aswan received a continuous flow of people escaping violence, insecurity, and destruction inside Sudan. Refugees filled railway stations, bus terminals, inexpensive hotels, and temporary shelters while trying to recover from the trauma of war. Many hoped to return home once the fighting subsided or expected to be resettled in another country. However, as the conflict entered its fourth year, those hopes have largely faded. Today, Aswan has become a place where many displaced Sudanese families remain trapped in prolonged uncertainty. Humanitarian Assistance Continues to Shrink One of the most pressing concerns facing refugees is the reduction in humanitarian assistance. International humanitarian agencies have struggled with funding shortages, forcing many organizations to reduce food assistance, cash support, healthcare services, and educational programs. For vulnerable families who rely entirely on humanitarian aid, these reductions have made daily survival increasingly difficult. Many refugees report struggling to afford: * Food and clean drinking water * Rent and basic housing * Medical treatment * School supplies for children * Transportation * Essential household needs As assistance declines, some families have been forced to adopt negative coping strategies, including reducing meals, withdrawing children from school, or borrowing money to survive. Legal Challenges Increase Vulnerability Legal uncertainty remains another major challenge. Many refugees face difficulties obtaining or renewing legal documentation required to remain in Egypt. Without proper documentation, access to employment, education, healthcare, and other essential services becomes significantly more difficult. The lengthy refugee registration process and administrative requirements have also contributed to prolonged uncertainty. Families often live with constant anxiety about their legal status and future. Limited Access to Education Children have been particularly affected by the prolonged displacement. Although Egypt has made efforts to expand educational opportunities for refugees, many Sudanese children continue to encounter obstacles, including: * Limited school spaces * Transportation costs * Language differences * Documentation requirements * Financial hardship As a result, many children have experienced years of interrupted education since fleeing Sudan. Humanitarian organizations warn that prolonged school interruptions may have lasting consequences for an entire generation of displaced children. Healthcare Remains Difficult to Access Access to healthcare has also become increasingly challenging. Many refugee families cannot afford medical consultations, medication, or specialized treatment. Pregnant women, elderly refugees, persons with disabilities, and individuals suffering from chronic illnesses face particularly serious difficulties. Mental health needs have also grown as many refugees continue to cope with trauma caused by war, displacement, family separation, and uncertainty about the future. Economic Hardship Finding stable employment remains difficult for many refugees. Without reliable income, families struggle to pay rent and purchase basic necessities. Rising living costs have further increased financial pressure, leaving many refugees dependent on humanitarian assistance that continues to decline. Conflict in Sudan Shows Little Sign of Ending The ongoing conflict inside Sudan remains one of the world’s largest displacement crises. Millions of people have been forced to flee their homes, with neighboring countries—including Egypt, Chad, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, and the Central African Republic—hosting large refugee populations. Although the number of new arrivals in Aswan has slowed compared to the early months of the conflict, people continue to cross the border seeking safety. Growing Need for International Support Humanitarian organizations continue to call for increased international funding to support refugees in Egypt and throughout the region. Experts argue that sustained assistance is needed to provide: * Food security * Healthcare * Education * Legal protection * Livelihood opportunities * Protection for women and children * Durable solutions, including voluntary return when conditions permit, local integration where appropriate, or third-country resettlement for the most vulnerable. Conclusion The situation facing Sudanese refugees in southern Egypt illustrates the long-term consequences of prolonged conflict. What began as an emergency displacement has evolved into a protracted humanitarian crisis marked by legal uncertainty, shrinking humanitarian assistance, limited economic opportunities, and an uncertain future. As the conflict in Sudan continues, humanitarian agencies warn that greater international solidarity and financial support will be essential to prevent conditions from deteriorating further and to ensure that displaced families can live with dignity while durable solutions are pursued.

As Trump Squeezes Cuba, He Plans to Send Cuban Deportees to Uruguay As part of its anti-immigrant drive, the Trump administration has deported thousands of Cubans, sending some to Mexico and even African countries, and others back to Cuba. Now, U.S. officials are close to securing a new destination: Uruguay, the second-smallest country in South America, which already has a relatively large population of residents who migrated from Cuba. The State Department under Secretary of State Marco Rubio, the son of Cuban immigrants, has been discussing the proposal with Uruguay’s foreign ministry for months, according to officials from both countries. Uruguay entered the negotiations partly because it needs immigrant workers, and partly to win favor with the Trump administration, a senior Uruguayan official said. But as the United States searches for countries willing to take in Cubans, it is also worsening the circumstances that have forced many Cubans to flee their country in the first place. In recent months, the Trump administration’s economic pressure campaign has blocked oil shipments to the Caribbean island, which was already devastated by years of U.S. sanctions and misrule by its authoritarian leaders. Mr. Rubio said the United States had many concerns about Cuba, which is 90 miles from Florida, including “the threat of mass migration.” That is “always a risk that you run when countries are as deeply destabilized as Cuba,” he told reporters traveling with him in Manila last week. In Uruguay, the government seeks to regularize Cuban migrants so they can find work opportunities and get social services. Many initially apply for asylum. Some American officials think that could help ensure deportees do not try to return to the United States, while also allowing them to live outside Cuba, officials said. A written agreement with Uruguay might not specify Cubans in the text, an official said, though in practice they would be the focus of deportations to that country. Some of the Cubans in the United States might have relatives in Uruguay, and the governments are discussing the possibility of reuniting families, a foreign ministry official in Uruguay said. Like other officials interviewed for this article, he spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive negotiations. The Cuban government often has refused to take back citizens who have been deported from the United States, but it agreed to receive several flights this year. The Trump administration told a federal court in March that it had sent 6,000 Cubans to Mexico, where many are struggling to find work. It has also sent Cuban migrants to Africa, including to Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, and war-ravaged South Sudan, where the migrants have been kept in detention centers. The policy is part of a broad push by the Trump administration to find nations willing to take migrants and immigrants deported from the United States. The State Department has been criticized for sending some deportees to distant countries where they have no connections, or where governments have records of human rights abuses. Governments in South America have been reluctant to accept deportees. But Paraguay signed an agreement with the State Department last year and has accepted flights of deportees of various nationalities. Ecuador also signed an agreement last year, and the deportees sent there include Cubans. Uruguay, a nation of 3.4 million, has long had a relatively open immigration policy. “We have a tradition of welcoming people who come from other countries,” said Carlos Negro, the country’s interior minister. Uruguay, he added, “was born as an immigrant country.” Most Uruguayans are descended from colonial settlers and immigrants from Spain and Italy. While migrants-rights groups have criticized Mr. Trump’s deportation policy, some have said that for Cuban deportees, ending up in Uruguay would be better than being sent to many other countries. In March, Leydis Aguilera, who immigrated to Uruguay from Cuba 16 years ago, became a member of the national parliament. She has described the warm welcome she received in Uruguay and how she eventually found education and job opportunities there. Uruguay needs to expand its work force to compensate for its small and aging population. Public opinion remains largely in favor of immigration, and deportations are rare. Even those who enter without a visa are often allowed to stay legally. Last year, Uruguay had nearly 24,000 asylum seekers from Cuba, according to United Nations statistics. The State Department declined to comment on the talks with Uruguay. “Implementing the Trump administration’s immigration policies is a top priority for the Department of State,” it said in a statement. “As Secretary Rubio has said, we remain unwavering in our commitment to end illegal and mass immigration and bolster America’s border security.” During much of the Cold War, the U.S. government welcomed people from Communist-ruled Cuba and offered them a rapid pathway toward permanent residency and citizenship. The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 has compelled this of Democratic and Republican administrations. But starting in the Clinton administration, American officials have found ways to work around or weaken the requirements of the law to try to avoid taking in an influx of migrants. President Trump has accelerated that. His administration has blocked several routes to permanent residency status and citizenship for Cubans. That puts 600,000 Cubans at risk of deportation, according to María José Espinosa, the executive director of the Center for Engagement and Advocacy in the Americas, which analyzes deportation data. Ada Ferrer, a history professor at Princeton and author of a book on the history of Cuba, said “there was a time when they wouldn’t go after Cubans because of the Cuban Adjustment Act, but no one is abiding by that anymore.” “If you ran on mass deportations, you’re going to try to do mass deportations,” she added. “But Cuban Americans thought they would be protected.” A Cuban grandfather of Mr. Rubio who flew to the United States in 1962 without a visa got a deportation order, but was allowed to remain in the country after being granted refugee status, according to a biography of Marco Rubio by Manuel Roig-Franzia. Yael Schacher, the director for the Americas and Europe at Refugees International, said that all deportation plans were “bad options,” especially those targeting people who have lived in the United States for a long time. Still, she said, a Latin American country “with a well-functioning asylum system that is safe is like the least bad option.” Despite Uruguay’s relative tolerance, migrants often struggle. Uruguay is expensive compared to other South American nations. Many Cubans initially live in boardinghouses while working as delivery or Uber drivers, caregivers and security guards.

Tigrayan nationalism is a barrier to the creation of an Eritrean identity. In an interview with the Eritrean state-owned television network on 8 January 2022, President Isaias Afwerki critiqued the Ethiopian  constitution by saying it was designed to institutionalize  ethnicidentity, and that the federal system it prescribed is the source of all problems in Ethiopia. These opinions are not new. In many of his interviews, Isaias has passionately reiterated that Ethiopia should engage in a centralized nation-building project and abandon ethnic federalism. However, he is not saying this out of concern for the welfare of Ethiopia. Rather, the reason for his obsession with this topic is that Eritrean nation-building is hampered by the presence of a Tigrayan identity that transcends the current state boundaries. All of the countries in the Horn of Africa were created during European colonialism in the 19th century and have cross-boundary ethnic groups. For instance, Oromos live in Ethiopia and Kenya; Afar in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti; Somalis in Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia; and Nuer in Ethiopia and South Sudan. Similarly, Tigrayan people live in Ethiopia’s Tigray region as well as in Eritrea. In the late 19th century, Tigrinya speakers were divided and incorporated into the Italian colony of Eritrea and the Shewan-led kingdom of Ethiopia. They are an overwhelming majority in Eritrea, mainly occupying the country’s highland areas. Isaias has been trying to construct a singular, Eritrean national identity from the nine ethnic groups in Eritrea. His nation-building project thus requires that the identity of the Tigrinya-speaking people of Eritrea be eliminated and that a new, Eritrean identity is cultivated. However, the Tigray nation is relatively homogenous, with no clan structures and with deep social trust. The people on both sides of the border share the same language, religion, history, and territory. Africans & Diaspora Even many of the current leaders of the ruling People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) party, including Isaias, are either from Tigray or have parents from Tigray. Conversely, many top Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) leaders, including the late Meles Zenawi, have parents from present-day Eritrea. It is thus almost impossible to separate the Tigray nation into Eritrean and Ethiopian camps. Accordingly, Isaias is of the opinion that his nation-building project can’t easily be finalized without Ethiopia adopting the same approach. Isaias has long understood that without Tigray’s complete assimilation into Ethiopia, Tigrayans in Eritrea would not give up their identity, and this would stymie the project of constructing a common Eritrean identity. Constitutional Law & Civil Rights Accordingly, for his project to be successful, the Ethiopian federal arrangement that protects and promotes group identities should be abolished and the assimilationist nation-building project needs to be revitalized. Once Tigray is sufficiently assimilated into Ethiopia, his hope is that the national consciousness of Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea will weaken, which will help in realizing his project. This demonstrates that the core reason for the rivalry between Isaias and the TPLF was the fact that the latter defended ethnic federalism. TPLF’s original objective was to establish Tigray as an independent nation-state. But, these ambitions evolved over time. The Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) was by far the most powerful rebel group fighting the Derg regime. TPLF thus sought support from EPLF and compromised its original objective of securing Tigray’s independence. According to Isaias, the alliance made TPLF shift its goals. TPLF half-heartedly changed its program from establishing a republic of Tigray into staying in a federated Ethiopia. Isaias’ expectation during the immediate post-Derg era was that TPLF would rule Ethiopia as a unitary state, or at least not as an ethnic federation. But, to his displeasure, the 1995 constitution not only adopted a multi-national federal system but even gave the nations, nationalities, and peoples of Ethiopia a self-determination right that included a constitutional right to secede. In an interview, he said, “Not just Article 39, but the whole spirit \[of the constitution\] is not one that you would crave for nation-building….In my reading, it is not good for the people of Ethiopia or any other people.” Isaias also thinks that Eritrea is justified in meddling in Ethiopia’s affairs for national security reasons. In the same interview, he said, “We can’t say \[Ethiopia’s domestic\] affairs are their own. What we saw during the past sixty or eighty years over three generations is that \[our affairs\] are directly related to the situation in Ethiopia. We can live in peace, brotherhood, collaboration, and respect \[with Ethiopians\]. But, first, the stability of Ethiopia needs to be determined.” He also revealed his disappointment with the Ethiopian  governmentpulling out its armed forces from most of Tigray last June, while also implying that Eritrea could continue its military intervention in Ethiopia with greater intensity. Although its present-day borders were created by Italian colonialism, Eritrea was one of the oldest and most powerful civilizations in the world during the Aksumite Empire. It was the cradle of the *Ge’ez*civilization and the Axumite trading empire across the Red Sea, while Adulis was the trading hub for global merchants. Politics Despite being an independent Italian colony, Eritrea was denied sovereignty by the United Nations after World War II. At the time, it was in the interest of the US and allied powers that Eritrea was yoked in the name of federation with Ethiopia. The invasions and encroachments made Eritrea’s history full of agony and resilience. Finally, Eritrea secured independence in 1993 and restored its dignity. Even after going through a destructive war of independence from Ethiopia between 1961 and 1991, Eritrea had a solid potential for industrialization, in part due to the infrastructure built by the Italians. Constitutional Law & Civil Rights Yet, thanks to Isaias’ authoritarianism and nation-building effort that he embarked on a few years after independence, Eritrea has been experiencing a post-independence stagnation. His brutal nation-building scheme has isolated the country from the international community and put its potential to waste. His disastrous policies have created an all-around socio-economic debacle. But, Eritrea can’t be a role model for diverse Ethiopia, as Eritrea is a *de facto* nation-state with an overwhelming majority of Tigrinya speakers. Therefore, a balance of power should be put in place to prevent the hegemonic ambitions of Isaias or any one of these three  politicalforces. The force that can defeat Isaias’ ambition is Tigrayan nationalism. Freedom fighter veterans who served during the armed struggle for independence under the EPLF are now forging such a movement. They are also mobilizing the youth in the diaspora. This movement is already delegitimizing Isaias in the diaspora. Even the internal political dynamics of Tigray are being shaped by the explosion of Tigrayan nationalism that is challenging any hegemonic ambition that TPLF might have.

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